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Charges for items that are both unusual in nature and infrequent in occurrence, such as earthquake-related losses. 

The cash denomination of the individual debt instrument. It is the amount of money that the holder of a debt instrument receives back from the issuer on the debt instrument’s maturity date. Face value is also referred to as par value or principal.

The true value of a stock based on criteria of the user’s choosing. A stock is said to be overvalued when the share price exceeds the fair value.

An IPO trading below its issue price in the aftermarket.

Federal Reserve Board.

A disclosure document submitted by a listed company to outline material changes in its affairs. Filing statements are not used for the purposes of a financing.

A tradable limit order marked “FOK” will trade as much stock as possible upon entry, but will immediately cancel or kill any unfilled volume.

The leverage ratio, which is total assets divided by shareholders’ equity, is an all-purpose debt gauge. A company with no debt would have a ratio of one, and the higher the ratio, the more debt.

Financial statements including operating statement, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows.

The last price multiplied by the number of outstanding shares.