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A specialist in the investment industry paid by fee to provide advice and research to investors with large accounts.

Securities firms that employ investment advisors to work with retail and institutional clients. Investment dealers have underwriting, trading and research departments.

A closed-end fund that offers investors the ability to buy a security that represents a portfolio of investments with a specific investment strategy. These products use funds raised through a public offering to invest in a portfolio of securities, which are actively managed to create income streams for investors, typically through a combination of dividends, capital gains, interest payments, and in some cases, income from derivative investment strategies. These funds are not directly related to an operating business. Some examples are: funds of income funds, senior loan funds, mortgage-backed security funds, and commodity funds.

A corporate function, combining finance, marketing and communications, to provide investors with accurate information about a company’s performance and prospects.

The dollar value of initial public offering (IPO) securities issued in accordance with a TSX or TSX Venture Exchange approved transaction. It is the stated prospectus price multiplied by “the number of securities issued under the IPO plus the over allotment”.

Any of a company’s securities or the act of distributing the securities. Issued shares refer to the portion of a company’s shares that have been issued for sale. A company does not have to issue the total number of its authorized shares.

The trading status of a class or series of an issuer’s listed securities, such that a class or series of listed securities of an issuer may be halted, suspended, or delisted from trading.

An order that either raises the bid price or lowers the offering price is said to be improving the market. The market improves because the spread between the bid and offer decreases.

An exchange-traded, fixed income-like instrument consisting of a subordinated debt security and a share of common stock packaged together to form a tax-efficient delivery mechanism to distribute an issuer’s free cash flow to its investors. Investors are paid dividends from the common share component and interest from the subordinated debt.

See Operating Income.