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Earnings per share.

Mutual funds specializing in a specific geographic area such as Europe.

The cash denomination of the individual debt instrument. It is the amount of money that the holder of a debt instrument receives back from the issuer on the debt instrument’s maturity date. Face value is also referred to as par value or principal.

Developing countries.

The dollar value of flow-through shares issued in accordance with a TSX or TSX Venture Exchange approved transaction. The price is determined by the policies of the TSX Company Manual or TSX Venture Corporate Finance Manual; the price is not adjusted for the value of the flow-through tax benefit available to the security holder. It can be an initial public offering (IPO), secondary offering, or private placement.

The true value of a stock based on criteria of the user’s choosing. A stock is said to be overvalued when the share price exceeds the fair value.

The Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS) is a consistent set of global economic sector and industry definitions. GICS are used to classify the constituents of many indices worldwide. GICS is a four-level classification system. The four levels are: sector, industry group, industry, and sub-industry. Standard & Poor’s and Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI), two providers of global indices, jointly launched GICS in 1999.

Common and preferred stocks, which represent a share in the ownership of a company.

Investment vehicles that may engage in the development, acquisition, and/or production of oil and gas reserves. The trust receives royalty income from producing properties (essentially, net cash flow) and then sells interests in the trust (called trust units) to investors. Conventional oil and gas royalty trusts are actively managed portfolios holding assets of mature producing properties. Substantially all of the cash flow generated by the oil and gas assets, net of certain deductions, such as administrative expenses and management fees, is passed on to the unit holders as royalty income. Capital expenses may also be deducted, but are usually subject to restrictions on the amount. The distributions are highly dependent upon the cash flow generated by the trust. In general, the largest variable in determining the level of cash flow is the price of crude oil and natural gas. Royalty trusts provide an alternative (from owning the shares of individual companies) for investors to participate in the oil and gas sector.

A flying plateau is a pattern that forms after a stock has made a strong move up. Strong stocks will consolidate gains sometimes in a flat, sideways pattern in a tight range instead of selling back. This is a very bullish pattern, especially if it is formed on low volume. Picture a 45 degree rise and then a move sideways for several sessions. Strong stocks tend to rest in these patterns, and then start another leg up.