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number of shares owned or controlled by insiders.

This is trading in the shares of an entity by its directors and officers. These individuals are required to disclose their trades before they happen, and several services provide this information to investors. It is useful, though not an absolute indicator as to a stock?s potential movement, to know if insiders are selling or buying shares of the company they run.

With respect to a corporation or other entity, these are the people who have access to inside information about a company or entity that is material to the stock price. For corporations, they are typically the directors and senior officers of a corporation. A person or entity that owns greater than ten percent (10%) someone of the voting shares of a corporation is also considered an insider.

Shares owned by pension funds, mutual funds, banks, etc.

Soft assets such as patents, trademarks, etc. 

A measure of a company’s ability to pay interest on its debts (operating income divided by interest expenses).

Pledging of assets as collateral. 

Occurs when new securities are posted for trading, and trading takes place before the closing (formal original issuance) of the prospectus. Also known as the “grey market”. The term is used only for listing of new securities, either on a listing of a new issuer, a supplemental listing, or an additional listing of existing listed securities. Settlement occurs on the closing of the prospectus. The time from posting for trading to closing is generally within a week.

A measurement of the volatility of a stock. Current price rather than historical price is used. Generally, if the price of an option rises without a corresponding rise in the underlying equity, implied volatility is considered to have risen.

An order that either raises the bid price or lowers the offering price is said to be improving the market. The market improves because the spread between the bid and offer decreases.